Teleworking Cities of To-Morrow

Above: Ebeneezer Howard's famous 'Three Magnets' diagramme as reimagined for a teleworking city of to-morrow.

An idea whose time has come

During the early stages of the Coronavirus lock-down, the RIBA Journal decided to launch a competition posing the question of how do we live with this virus going forward? The competition was called, 'Rethink: 2025 – Design for life after Covid-19'. In the run-up to launching Deeper Green, founder Ian McKay decided to dust off an idea he originally mooted in the late 1990's through his former practice, BBM Sustainable Design. In its original guise, the idea was known as the Comstation and it was an idea targeted at helping society reduce its dependancy on commuting with view to lowering carbon emissions. Twenty odd years on, it would appear society just was not ready for it. Perhaps with the enforced working from home regime of the first half of 2020, its time has come. In its updated format, now called The Node, the proposition thinks through issues around living with the Covid-19 pandemic.

Transitioning out of the age of the commuter

There are of course two existential societal threats that we currently face, Coronavirus and the climate change emergency. We therefore must exploit the positive environmental changes we have all witnessed these last few months while we get the society back to work and school. So this proposal concerns two sectors effected by the Coronavirus outbreak. One is transport, where the lockdown gave us a unique insight into how society could cope with far less mobility, and the other is the service sector which perhaps most easily of all sectors adapted to the limitations of homeworking.

The main premise of this proposal is to nurture a society where about 70 per cent of the working population telework roughly 70 per cent of the time with a view to reducing carbon emissions and improving quality of life.

In the 19th Century, the UK pretty much invented the Age of the Commuter and the town and country idyll which was emulated the world over. Since the mid-1980's the transport sector has become the UK's biggest polluter. Politicians and business leaders alike have pretty much turned a blind eye to our unbridled use of transport. We love it. We are mobility junkies.

Above: Since the mid-1980's the transport sector has become the single biggest emitter of carbon in the UK and continues an upwards trend.

In the last 40 years, the Information Age has arrived. Whilst some hinted that teleworking could start to replace commuting, there has been little interest in exploiting the potentials for social and environmental benefit. The stay at home lockdown however has revealed to so many of us that we can telework, at least in some sectors.

Potential benefits of teleworking:

• new revenue streams for rail operators in the post-commuter age

• less interaction in congested transport systems and shared working environments where contagion can spread

• less money and carbon emissions expended on commuting

• potentials for increased productivity

• less stress by avoiding peak time travel crush, delays and cancelations

• commuting time redirected to exercise, family etc.

• flexible hours to help with childcare

A basic programme of accommodation might include: 

• season ticket holder hot desk spaces

• hireable meeting rooms

• printing and scanning stations

• café and créche (with roof terrace space and solar shading)

• indoor and outdoor exercise space

The case for a new building typology

Above: The medium to long distanced commuting towns have the greatest potentials for carbon emission savings and quality of life improvement through adopting teleworking lifestyles.

Working at home is not for everyone. Facilities can be poor and family interruptions dilute working focus. Without a change of scene, quality of life can be negatively impacted. What then if commuters did not have to commute everyday? What if season tickets could be used to travel or rent space in a rail station based facility? Such an arrangement might be financially viable as it could be paid for by moneys that would otherwise be destined for increasing transport capacity.

This new building typology, we are coining, a Node. It would be an extension of the traditional station. It would be built above station car parks or over tracks, typically in a linear format to grow with demand. It would target embodied carbon construction of below 500kgCO2e/m2, be designed for optimum deconstruction and reuse and have operational energy use of below 55kWh/m2/annum.[1] The Node would not just be a place to hot desk, it would become a community hive of activity and networking with a range of supportive facilities to make teleworking a quality of life step forward.

The proposal can play an important role in integrating pandemic resilience. The basic layout would afford inherent contagion control. It would also be able to engage active measures should a localised lockdown be imposed to allow people to continue using the facility within acceptable levels of risk.

Above & below: Elevation, long section and cross sections of ‘The Node’ complete with car and bike parking on the ground floor, serviced office space on the upper floors and with various technologies employed towards zero-carbon operational performance.

This vertical section view of the building showing some of the technical strategies for its low-energy operations, with a twin skinned facade serving as a buffer to temper replacement fresh air, reduce excessive hot summer solar radiation whilst maximising potentials for winter passive solar gains. Cross ventilation is powered with passive stack ventilation towers with rotating wind cowls serving to increase air flow.

The carbon calculation

The environmental case for The Node can be shown with the simple calculation showing the carbon emission per passenger kilometre[2]:

Brighton to London Victoria round trip = 177kms

177 km x 0.06* kg CO2/ Passenger Kilometre by rail = 10.62kg of carbon per day

253 working days per year = 2,687kg of carbon per year

On the basis that commuters might telework around 70% of the time, this would equate to carbon emission saving of around 1,881kg of carbon per annum per commuter. Naturally there would need to be some changes to the responsiveness of rolling stock to take best advantage of lower passenger numbers travelling each day.

The wider built environment ramifications

City centres would change. With businesses and organisations needing less office space and therefore less office buildings needed generally, central business districts could undergo a renaissance of downtown living. Some office building could be refitted to suit more open and flexible use of businesses whilst others could be turned into residential units and the odd disused building plot deconstructed to make way for urban lung pocket parks. Meanwhile, what were sterile weekday dormitory town centres would benefit from more locally distributed financial activity.

Architectural strategies for The Node

With a climate emergency to plan for and diminishing carbon budgets to play with, the architectural strategies for The Node need to be benchmarked as close as possible to net zero carbon as practically possible. The template for each installation will need to recognise embodied, operational and end of life carbon impacts.

Structural Strategy

Above: The structural systems proposed exploit the benefits of bio-based materials such as fast-grown cross-laminated timber superstructure with its ability for renewal and carbon dioxide capture and storage, low-carbon concrete piloti on reversible screw piles for maximising deconstruction and re-use potentials.

• Reversible screw pile foundations

• Ground storey piloti constructed with low-carbon concrete technology

• Superstructure formed with cross laminated timber cross walls and floors with the cross walls acting as transfer beams to receive glulaminated beams to support the floor and roof decks

• Apertures cut in the cross walls to have rounded corners reminiscent of apertures formed in the fuselages of planes, ships and trains from the late 1950's onwards

Environmental Strategy

• Utilise passive stack ventilation with roof mounted wind cowls (safer during pandemics than air conditioning)

• Post-loaded thermal mass using previously constructed sources of concrete, masonry or sand and cement screeds

• Nigh time cooling of the thermal mass

• Micro-louvre technology to reduce summer and mid-season solar gain through glazed apertures

• Ground or air source heat pump with electric back-up for space heating and domestic hot water

• Extensive on-site renewable energy systems mounted over roofs and roof terraces with 30º pitch for southerly oriented buildings or 5º – 10º pitch for east and west oriented buildings

• Rainwater harvesting and high level storage to provide gravity fed toilet/urinal flushing water

• Planted roof terraces to provide net-biodiversity gain over the car park

Covid responsive measures

We need to address the possibility that an effective prevention and cure may never materialise for Coronavirus / Covid-19. We must plan therefore for getting back to work with a more sophisticated and dynamic approach than purely applying the commercially disastrous two metre social distancing requirement. A significant part of this toolkit is the widespread adoption of face masks. However there maybe built-environment solutions which can help. One is to create anti-viral vestibules around entrances to buildings. These structures can be relatively easily erected with a kit of parts on the outside of the building or if the building already has a good sized draught lobby they could be retrofitted into these spaces. The idea is to create a passageway through which people move through should another outbreak arise locally, and in such situations an antiviral mist can be sprayed to treat everyone entering the building at times of heightened risk.

Above: The basic layout of the hot desk spaces relies on discrete screens either side to form niches which might largely contain aerosol-borne contagion with no one facing someone else. If local virus outbreaks occur, work stations would be misted with an alcohol spray between use and wearing of face marks made mandatory.

Combined with automated temperature checking, the use of hand wash dispensers at entry points and the ubiquitous wearing of face masks, it should be possible to remove social distancing requirements such that pretty much all commercial activity can continue within acceptable risks. For The Node, these measures would be integrated from completion. Additionally each hot desk space would be created as a discretely enclosed niche to help contain contain any virus laden aerosol from occupants. During any new outbreak, hot desk spaces can be treated with anti-viral alcohol-based misters after use with the cleaning staff able to electronically update when a particular workstation is available. In this way the environment created reduces risk of spreading contagion but if a local outbreak happens, further measures can be easily implemented.

[1]    RIBA 2030  Climate Challenge target metrics for non-domestic buildings, RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide 2019

[2] http://www.aef.org.uk/

Retrospective Futures 3

Above: Site plan for the Research and Development Centre for Wind Energy, Newhaven, 1992.

Preface

I realised that a good many of my degree and diploma level projects had plenty of future thinking into the issues surrounding sustainability and the built environment. I thought the material was worthy of dusting off, digitising and celebrating as a series of retrospective future thinking posts for the Sustainababble blog. This project from 1992 foresaw the scale of investment needed to establish a UK-based wind energy industry.

Above: 1:500 scale site section and 1:100 scale building long section vertical section through the Research and Development Centre for Wind Energy, Newhaven,1992

Research and Development Centre for Wind Energy, Newhaven, 1992

For the thesis project of my fifth year of architectural studies, and now at the Architecture School of Brighton Polytechnic, I was given the latitude to develop my own brief. My idea was to design a research centre for wind energy. My Tutor, David Robson thought he had just the site for such a proposition in Newhaven at the foot of the cliffs and the enormous harbour breakwater.

In the early 1990’s there were no wind farms either on-shore or off-shore and yet it seemed clear to me this was another of those future industries that was sure to play a part in working towards a sustainable society. In my research I stumbled on the fact that the UK had a staggering three-quarters of the European wind resource within its land mass and territorial waters. With forty years of hindsight, it is utterly depressing that UK companies just didn’t believe enough in that future to put the necessary investment in. As such, pretty much all the wind farms in the UK use overseas technology – it is a multi-billion-pound industry.

What should a research and development centre for wind energy be composed of? That was the main question my early research into the thesis project needed to answer. I determined that it should have office and laboratory space, an observation tower, some overnight accommodation, an interpretation centre for the general public as well as a marshalling yard and workshop space for assembling and maintaining the turbines. The laboratory space was raised above the workshop space and included an enormous wind tunnel which had a lowerable testing rig which could then be accessed and set-up at ground level.

This project was the first time I really started to get interested in creating micro-climates for convivial human habitation. In later years, I would develop more sophisticated strategies for ‘climate defensive layering’ such that each element of the surrounding landscape and the building envelope itself would play an iterative role in reducing the harsh extremes of climate. One of my points of departure was observing the old and super tight streets of Hastings ‘old town’ and the Laines of Brighton (or ‘Brighthelmstone’ as it was called when it was just a diminutive fishing village). In effect the tightness of the external spaces between the enclosing buildings created a wind shadow in an otherwise super-exposed location. 

The outer defensive layer of the proposal was a beach shingle wall which drew from the language of coastal defences of Martello Towers and the sea forts off Portsmouth. This would do the bulk of wind deflection but also protect the softer fabric of the inner built forms from projectile beach shingle which is a real issue for coastal sites near the tidal zone during storms. Once inside the outer defensive ring, timber framed parallel wings of accommodation were formed around well protected courtyards which were open to the sun but shielded from the wind.

Retrospective Futures 2

Above: Study for the Golden Square elevation of the entry for the British Steel ideas competition for a headquarters building for information technologists, 1989.

Preface

I realised that a good many of my degree and diploma level projects had plenty of future thinking into the issues surrounding sustainability and the built environment. I thought the material was worthy of dusting off, digitising and celebrating as a series of retrospective future thinking posts for the Sustainababble blog. This project from 1989 challenged the notion of the daily commute and foresaw the energy saving and quality of life improving benefits of teleworking.

Above: 1:100 scale vertical section through the competition entry for a headquarters building for information technologists. 1989

Headquarters Building for Information Technologists, Golden Square, London, 1989

My third-year thesis project was an entry for the British Steel competition for a Headquarters Building for Information Technologists. The site was Golden Square in London and it had a well-considered brief with a fully worked-out schedule of accommodation. Our tutors pushed us off to study celebrated case studies like Lasdun’s HQ for the Royal College of Physicians or Wornum’s HQ for the Royal Institute of British Architects. My preoccupations though were more concerned with lowering environmental impact.

In 1989 it felt like a whole new era was about to unfold – the Information Age. Why then, I asked, did the headquarters building need so much office space in the brief of accommodation? Surely information technology could allow much of the staff to work remotely from home. Along with the notion that the building itself should be a veritable power station of renewable energy, my entry was based on the premise that it had next to no office accommodation because all the staff could telework. Instead, it would be a social and ceremonial hub, a vast I.T. database and all coalesced into a dramatic internal and external set of spaces which would invite the public into the workings of this new institute.

Above: Development sketch of ideas for power tower rising high above the infill site. Coined a ‘sky harvester’, stacks of vertical wind turbines would capture ambient energies from the atmosphere.

On the one hand the architectural concept was all about making the building into a renewable energy power station whereas the more fundamental questioning of the commuting lifestyle suggested that far greater energy saving potentials were possible by looking beyond the building’s envelope and gadgets of energy generation and into the realms of planet-friendly live/work strategies.

This project has particular resonance for me as it informed many of the projects, I would go on to speculate on through my BBM years, like Cityvision and Comstation which were all hypothetical. That notion that we should move away from lifestyles so reliant on stupendous levels of transport mobility also found traction in BBM’s first built project back in 1993 / 94 with Futurehouse with its dedicated homeworking space and a few years thereafter coming up with some of the competition winning ideas behind the Greenwich Millennium Village, working alongside HTA Architects and Ralph Erskine. During the initial Covid outbreak of May 2020 it also formed the basis of my revamp of Cityvision in a RIBA Journal competition entry entitled, Teleworking Cities of Tomorrow. In many ways, the ideas have now come to pass and remote working and less commuting is for many of us now a reality.

Retrospective Futures 1

Above: Sheep were used in the imagery of the motorway service station as a metaphor of the collective madness of a society so utterly hooked on mobility and burning carbon.

Preface

I realised that a good many of my degree and diploma level projects had plenty of future thinking into the issues surrounding sustainability and the built environment. I thought the material was worthy of dusting off, digitising and celebrating as a series of retrospective future thinking posts for the Sustainababble blog. This project from 1988 looked forward to the demise of fossil fuel burning motor vehicle culture.

Above: 1:500 scale model of the final project for a motorway service station

Motorway Service Station, Kent, 1988

Our second-year tutor at the Canterbury College of Art’s Architecture School, Charles Neale dreamt-up an intriguing brief for our main project of the year. The Channel Tunnel was under construction and Charles reckoned there was a need for a motorway service station to act as something of a gateway for travellers entering or re-entering the United Kingdom. In a way, this was a celebration of motorcar culture but almost immediately I started to struggle with what my approach to the brief should be. A breakthrough came when I hit on the idea that the facility should be conceived as a rusting hulk of motor-culture; a disintegrating machine stranded in a Kentish field. For me it became an epitaph to a by-gone age, an age, which was to me, so clearly out of balance with the sustaining capacity of the Earth.

For me the motorway service station had to become an epitaph to the by-gone age of the fossil fuel burning motor vehicle, an age, which was to me, so clearly out of balance with the sustaining capacity of the Earth and what we woud later collectively associate with the culture of ‘peak oil’.

Above: Above: The Motorway Service Station was conceived as a working facility, it’s just that its external architectural handling came loaded with connotations of decay whilst a transient installation (fuelling consumer greed) occupied the interior.